Preface | p. xiii |
Acknowledgments | p. xv |
How to Use This Book | p. 1 |
The Basics | p. 3 |
Organization of the Book | p. 3 |
Introduction to the Five-Step Program | p. 4 |
Three Approaches to Preparing for the AP Biology Exam | p. 5 |
Calendar for Each Plan | p. 7 |
Introduction to the Graphics Used in This Book | p. 9 |
What You Need to Know About the AP Biology Exam | p. 11 |
Background of the Advanced Placement Program | p. 13 |
Who Writes the AP Biology Exam | p. 13 |
The AP Grades and Who Receives Them | p. 13 |
Reasons for Taking the AP Biology Exam | p. 13 |
Questions Frequently Asked about the AP Biology Exam | p. 14 |
Tips for Taking the AP Biology... Exam | p. 17 |
Getting Started: The Diagnostic Exam | p. 19 |
Comprehensive Review | p. 31 |
Chemistry | p. 33 |
Introduction | p. 33 |
Elements, Compounds, Atoms, and Ions | p. 33 |
Lipids, Carbohydrates, and Proteins | p. 35 |
Enzymes | p. 39 |
pH: Acids and Bases | p. 40 |
Reactions | p. 41 |
Review Questions | p. 42 |
Answers and Explanations | p. 43 |
Rapid Review | p. 44 |
Cells | p. 45 |
Introduction | p. 45 |
Types of Cells | p. 45 |
Organelles | p. 45 |
Cell Membranes: Fluid Mosaic Model | p. 47 |
Types of Cell Transport | p. 48 |
Review Questions | p. 50 |
Answers and Explanations | p. 51 |
Rapid Review | p. 52 |
Respiration | p. 54 |
Introduction | p. 54 |
Aerobic Respiration | p. 54 |
Anaerobic Respiration | p. 60 |
Review Questions | p. 62 |
Answers and Explanations | p. 62 |
Rapid Review | p. 63 |
Photosynthesis | p. 65 |
Introduction | p. 65 |
The Players in Photosynthesis | p. 65 |
Reactions of Photosynthesis | p. 67 |
Types of Photosynthesis | p. 71 |
Review Questions | p. 73 |
Answers and Explanations | p. 74 |
Rapid Review | p. 75 |
Cell Division | p. 77 |
Introduction | p. 77 |
Cell Division in Prokaryotes | p. 77 |
The Cell Cycle | p. 77 |
Mitosis | p. 78 |
Control of Cell Division | p. 80 |
Haploid versus Diploid Organisms | p. 80 |
Meiosis | p. 81 |
Life Cycles | p. 83 |
Sources of Cell Variation | p. 84 |
Review Questions | p. 85 |
Answers and Explanations | p. 86 |
Rapid Review | p. 87 |
Heredity | p. 89 |
Introduction | p. 89 |
Terms Important in Studying Heredity | p. 89 |
Mendel and His Peas | p. 90 |
Intermediate Inheritance | p. 92 |
Other Forms of Inheritance | p. 92 |
Sex Determination and Sex Linkage | p. 94 |
Linkage and Gene Mapping | p. 95 |
Heads or Tails? | p. 96 |
Pedigrees | p. 97 |
Common Disorders | p. 99 |
Chromosomal Complications | p. 99 |
Review Questions | p. 100 |
Answers and Explanations | p. 102 |
Rapid Review | p. 105 |
Molecular Genetics | p. 107 |
Introduction | p. 107 |
DNA Structure and Function | p. 107 |
RNA Structure and Function | p. 107 |
Replication of DNA | p. 108 |
Transcription of DNA | p. 111 |
RNA Processing | p. 112 |
Translation of RNA | p. 112 |
Gene Expression | p. 113 |
The Genetics of Viruses | p. 115 |
The Genetics of Bacteria | p. 116 |
Genetic Engineering | p. 118 |
Review Questions | p. 120 |
Answers and Explanations | p. 121 |
Rapid Review | p. 123 |
Evolution | p. 125 |
Introduction | p. 125 |
Definition of Evolution | p. 125 |
Natural Selection | p. 126 |
Lamarck and Darwin | p. 127 |
Adaptations | p. 128 |
Types of Selection | p. 128 |
Evolution Patterns | p. 130 |
Sources of Variation | p. 130 |
Speciation | p. 131 |
When Evolution Is not Occurring: Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium | p. 132 |
The Evidence for Evolution | p. 133 |
Macroevolution | p. 134 |
How Life Probably Emerged | p. 135 |
Review Questions | p. 137 |
Answers and Explanations | p. 138 |
Rapid Review | p. 139 |
Taxonomy and Classification | p. 141 |
Introduction | p. 141 |
Five or Six Kingdoms? | p. 141 |
Kingdom Monera | p. 142 |
Endosymbiotic Theory | p. 143 |
Kingdom Protista | p. 143 |
Kingdom Plantae | p. 145 |
Kingdom Fungi | p. 148 |
Kingdom Animalia | p. 148 |
Review Questions | p. 151 |
Answers and Explanations | p. 152 |
Rapid Review | p. 152 |
Plants | p. 155 |
Introduction | p. 155 |
Anatomy of Plants | p. 155 |
Roots | p. 156 |
The Shoot System | p. 157 |
Plant Hormones | p. 158 |
Plant Tropisms | p. 159 |
Photoperiodism | p. 159 |
Go with the Flow: Osmosis, Capillary Action, Cohesion-Tension Theory, and Transpiration | p. 160 |
The Changing of the Guard: Regulating Stomata Activity | p. 161 |
"Move over, Sugar": Carbohydrate Transport through Phloem | p. 161 |
Review Questions | p. 161 |
Answers and Explanations | p. 162 |
Rapid Review | p. 163 |
Human Physiology | p. 165 |
Introduction | p. 165 |
Circulatory System | p. 165 |
Respiratory System | p. 167 |
Digestive System | p. 168 |
Control of the Internal Environment | p. 169 |
Nervous System | p. 173 |
Muscular System | p. 174 |
Endocrine System | p. 177 |
Immune System | p. 180 |
Review Questions | p. 182 |
Answers and Explanations | p. 183 |
Rapid Review | p. 184 |
Human Reproduction | p. 187 |
Introduction | p. 187 |
Sex Differences | p. 187 |
Anatomy | p. 187 |
Embryonic Development | p. 191 |
The Influence of Hormones | p. 194 |
Review Questions | p. 195 |
Answers and Explanations | p. 196 |
Rapid Review | p. 197 |
Behavioral Ecology and Ethology | p. 199 |
Introduction | p. 199 |
Types of Animal Learning | p. 199 |
Animal Movement | p. 200 |
Animal Communication | p. 202 |
Review Questions | p. 203 |
Answers and Explanations | p. 204 |
Rapid Review | p. 204 |
Ecology in Further Detail | p. 207 |
Introduction | p. 207 |
Population Ecology and Growth | p. 207 |
Life History Strategies | p. 210 |
Community and Succession | p. 211 |
Trophic Levels | p. 214 |
Biomes | p. 215 |
Biogeochemical Cycles | p. 217 |
Review Questions | p. 218 |
Answers and Explanations | p. 219 |
Rapid Review | p. 221 |
Laboratory Review | p. 223 |
Introduction | p. 223 |
Diffusion and Osmosis | p. 223 |
Enzyme Catalysis | p. 225 |
Mitosis and Meiosis | p. 226 |
Plant Pigments and Photosynthesis | p. 227 |
Cell Respiration | p. 229 |
Molecular Biology | p. 230 |
Genetics of Organisms | p. 232 |
Population Genetics and Evolution | p. 233 |
Transpiration | p. 234 |
Physiology of the Circulatory System | p. 235 |
Animal Behavior | p. 236 |
Dissolved Oxygen and Aquatic Primary Productivity | p. 236 |
Review Questions | p. 237 |
Answers and Explanations | p. 238 |
Rapid Review | p. 239 |
Free-Response Review | p. 242 |
Introduction | p. 242 |
The Basics | p. 242 |
Some Helpful Tips | p. 243 |
| p. 245 |
| p. 249 |
| p. 253 |
| p. 258 |
Practice Makes Perfect! | p. 263 |
| p. 265 |
| p. 292 |
Appendix | p. 319 |
Bibliography | p. 321 |
Websites | p. 322 |
Glossary | p. 323 |
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