The Science of Taekwondo(űǵµ°úÇÐ)
ÀÌÁ¤±Ô(Jung K. Lee ), Christopher K. Pak
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TKDSANGA
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¢º ÀÌ Ã¥Àº ¿µ¾î·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ¾î ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.
¡ºThe Science of Taekwondo(űǵµ°úÇÐ)¡»Àº °úÇÐ ¿ø¸®¸¦ ¹ÙÅÁÀ¸·Î ÆîÃÄÁö´Â űǵµÀÇ ¼¼°è¸¦ ´ãÀº Ã¥ÀÌ´Ù. űǵµÀÇ ¾î´À µ¿ÀÛÀÌ °úÇÐÀûÀ̶ó°í ÇÑ´Ù¸é ÀÌ µ¿ÀÛ¿¡ ¾î¶² °úÇÐÀûÀÎ ¿ø¸®µéÀÌ ¹Ýº¹ÀûÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ´©±¸µç ÀÌ ¿ø¸®µéÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇϱ⸸ ÇÏ¸é °°Àº °á°ú¸¦ ¾òÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â ¶æÀÌ´Ù.
¿ì¸®´Â ¡±Å±ǵµ´Â °úÇÐÀûÀÎ ¹«µµ¿ä ½ºÆ÷Ã÷´Ù¡°¶ó´Â ¸»À» Ç×»ó µé¾î¿Ô°í ½á ¿Ô´Ù. ±×·±µ¥ ÇÊÀÚÀÇ ¿ìµÐÇÔ ¶§¹®ÀÎÁö űǵµÀÇ ¹«¾ùÀÌ °úÇÐÀûÀÎÁö µü ºÎ·¯Áö°Ô ¸»ÇÒ ¼ö°¡ ¾ø¾ú´Ù.
We have commonly heard and said ¡°Taekwondo is martial art and sport of science.¡± Due to my shortage in the knowledge, however, I have not been able to pinpoint what aspects of Taekwondo make its own scientific features.
¹°·Ð űǵµ¿Í °úÇÐÀº ÀÌ¹Ì ¶¼·Á¾ß ¶¿ ¼ö ¾ø´Â °ü°è¿¡ ÀÖÀ½Àº Àß ¾È´Ù. ¸ðµç ¿ìÁÖ¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â ¹°Ã¼µéÀº Å©³ª ÀÛÀ¸³ª ¿ªÇÐ(æ³ùÊ)¹ýÄ¢ÀÇ Áö¹è ÇÏ¿¡¼¸¸ ¿îµ¿ ÇÒ ¼ö Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. űǵµ µ¿ÀÛµé ¿ª½Ã ÀÌ ¿ªÇÐ ¹ýÄ¢À» ¹þ¾î³ª¼´Â Á¸ÀçÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù.
As we know, of course, Taekwondo cannot be explained enough without science. For all the substances in the universe, whether they are large or small in sizes, make their movements only under the laws of dynamics. The movements in Taekwondo also cannot do away with these laws of dynamics.
±×·±µ¥ űǵµ ±â¼ú¿¡ ¹èÀÎ °úÇÐ ¿ø¸®µéÀ» °íÂ÷¿øÀûÀÎ ¹°¸®ÇÐÀ̳ª »ýü¿ªÇÐÀ» µ¿¿øÇØ Àо·Á¸é À¢¸¸ÇÑ À̵鿡°Õ ¾öµÎ°¡ ³ªÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ½±°Ô ¼ÕÀÌ °¥ ¸¸ÇÑ, °í°³¸¦ ²ô¶±²ô¶± °Å¸®¸ç Ã¥ÀåÀ» ³Ñ±æ¸¸ÇÑ ±âº»ÀûÀÎ Áöħ¼°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇß´Ù.
It won¡¯t be easy, however, for ordinary people to mobilize all those advanced physics or bio dynamics to analyze such scientific principles embedded in Taekwondo techniques. That was the point where I started to think to write a basic manual that anybody could pick up and read through easily.
±×·¡¼ űǵµ¿Í °úÇÐÀÇ °ü°è¸¦ ÇÐâ½ÃÀý ¹è¿ü´ø ¼öÁØÀ¸·Î ²ø¾î³»·Á À̸®Àú¸® ºø´ë¾î º¸¾Ò´Ù. ±×·¯´Ùº¸´Ï ÀÌ·± ½ÄÀ¸·Îµµ ºñÃß¾î º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ú±¸³ª ÇÏ´Â »ý°¢ÀÌ µé¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀÌ Å±ǵµ¿Í °úÇаúÀÇ ¸ðµç °ü°è¸¦ ¸íÈ®È÷ ¹àÇôÁÖÁö´Â ¸øÇÏ°ÚÁö¸¸ ±×·¡µµ űǵµ¸¦ °úÇÐÀ̶ó´Â Ʋ ¾È¿¡¼ »õ·ÎÀÌ º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¾È¸ñÀ» ÁÙ ¼ö´Â ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. °úÇÐÀ̶ó´Â µµ±¸¸¦ ÅëÇØ Å±ǵµ°¡ º¸À̱⠽ÃÀÛÇϸé űǵµ ±â¼ú¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºÐ¼®´É·Â°ú ÀÌÇØÀÇ ÆøÀÌ ³Ð¾îÁ® ½Ç·ÂÇâ»ó¿¡µµ ÀÇ¹Ì ÀÖ´Â ¼º°ú¸¦ º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
Therefore, I have tried efforts to see Taekwondo from scientific point of view to the extent that the level of science stays as high as to fit high school students. Thus, I have come to conclusion that this could open another way of perspectives to look into Taekwondo. Even though this book could not define every aspect of Taekwondo in light of science, I am confident that it will provide you with a new perspective through scientific study. Also, I believe that it will bring meaningful achievement in enhancing Taekwondo techniques as the capabilities in analysis and comprehension on Taekwondo techniques improves through the lever of science.
ÀÌ Ã¥Àº °úÇÐÃ¥ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ±×·¸´Ù°í űǵµ ±³º»µµ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ Ã¥À» ÅëÇØ ¸ô¶ú´ø °úÇÐÀ» ¹è¿ï ¼ö ¾øÀ» °ÍÀÌ¸ç ¾ËÁö ¸øÇß´ø űǵµÀÇ ¡®ºñ¹ý(ÝúÛö)¡¯À» ¹è¿ï ¼öµµ ¾øÀ» °ÍÀ̱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé, űǵµ¸¦ ¼ö·ÃÇÑ À̵éÀ̶ó¸é ´©±¸³ª ÀÌ¹Ì ¾Ë°í ÀÖÀ» ¡®Å±ǵµ¡¯¿Í ¡®°úÇС¯¸¸À» ¸»ÇÏ°í Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ¹Ý¸é¿¡ ÀÌ Ã¥Àº űǵµ ±³º»ÀÌ¸é¼ µ¿½Ã¿¡ °úÇÐÃ¥À̱⵵ ÇÏ´Ù. űǵµ¸¦ ¾Ë¸é °úÇÐÀÌ º¸ÀÌ°í °úÇÐÀ» ¾Ë¸é űǵµ¸¦ Àß ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
This is not a book of science. Nor is this a Tae... kwondo manual. For, you won¡¯t be able to learn science, nor secrets of Taekwondo through the book. This book is all about ¡®Taekwondo,¡¯ and ¡®science,¡¯ only to the extent anyone who has ever exercised Taekwondo would already know. Ironically, however, this book will function as a book of science, and as a Taekwondo manual. For, those who know Taekwondo would get to know more about science, and vice versa.
ÀÌÁ¦²¯ ¹«ÀǽÄÀûÀ¸·Î ÇàÇÏ´ø űǵµ¸¦ ÁÖÀÇ ±í°Ô °üÂûÇÏ´Ùº¸¸é ±× ¾È¿¡ »ì¾Æ ¼û ½¬´Â °úÇÐÀ» ¹ß°ßÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô µÈ´Ù. °úÇÐ ¿ø¸®¸¦ ¹ÙÅÁÀ¸·Î ÆîÃÄÁö´Â űǵµÀÇ ¼¼°è. űǵµ·Î ¹è¿ì´Â °úÇÐ, ±×°ÍÀÌ ¹Ù·Î ÀÌ Ã¥ÀÇ Å׸¶´Ù.
If you take closer looks at Taekwondo, you will be able to find out how science works vividly in it. The world of Taekwondo based on principles of science, and science that you can learn through Taekwondo - these are the two main themes of the book.
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The word Taekwondo comes from the Korean words ¡°tae¡±, ¡°kwon¡± and ¡°do¡±. The word ¡°tae¡± means to kick, ¡°kwon¡± means to punch and ¡°do¡± represents the way. The modern Taekwondo originated from various forms of ancient Korean
martial arts. Like other forms of martial arts such as karate or kung fu, Taekwondo relies mostly on the speed. When properly applied, Taekwondo is capable of producing punches, kicks, blocks and jumps that are strong and fast while
maintaining very delicate body movements. These techniques can often be witnessed during competitions between highly trained athletes.
These athletes spend many years analyzing and training to increase the efficiency of the body while minimizing the weaknesses. This is where the science can play an important role.
As with many things in this world, science is capable of exploring and enlightening new information.
One of the most widely used principles is Newton¡¯s laws of motion. This principle can help us understand all physical objects in the universe. The world of science has proven over the years that all objects in the universe act
according to the laws of motion and Taekwondo is no exception.
The science of Taekwondo explores the strengths and weaknesses of our bodies and tries to find the ways to improve our bodies.
So, what can we expect to gain from the science?
1. Increase in speed
Speed is often considered as the most important attribute in sports. Often, speed can be a major advantage. Through science, we can find different training techniques and equipment to help us increase speed and strength.
2. Efficiency
Our body has limits. We have our limits in speeds, strengths and capabilities. Some people are more capable than others. For an example, we are not capable of running forever or going many days without sleeping. Training can help us
increase our limits to some degree, but there will always be limits to what we can do.
Science can help us bridge the gap between what we can do and what we cannot do by finding ways to reduce and eliminate unnecessary factors that waste our internal energy. This, in turn, can make our bodies be more efficient and
increase performance.
3. Communication and Understanding
Often, we underestimate the importance of communication between athletes, trainers and coaches in sports.
In Taekwondo, one of the first instructions that you might have received from you instructor is to ¡°relax¡± your body. This instruction mostly applies when punching or kicking. You might have asked yourself, how can you get the most
out of your training with relaxed body? Wouldn¡¯t this take away your strength? The truth is exactly the opposite. With your muscles relaxed, your offense will come out faster and stronger. Stiff muscles will slow down your offense.
In other words, your relaxed body can increase the ability to perform at a high level while decreasing the risk of injuries.
Here are a few examples where lack of communication and understanding could lead to unsuccessful training.
Master Choi Young-ui (Japanese name: Masutatsu Oyama 1923-1994), who is still considered as one of the greatest karate experts, often instructed his students to punch as if they were trying to catch a fly.
Baseball player W?ng Zh?nzh?(1940-) holds the world homerun record(868 homerun). When he was managing, he often asked his players to hit down on the ball. In baseball, this means to swing the bat smarter. However, if you are not
familiar with the baseball terminology, you will likely misunderstand his instruction and you may end up hitting the ball into the ground all day long.
With the science, we may be able to explain these terminologies in simpler terms in ways that we can all understand and follow.
4. Spirit of Taekwondo
Breaking demonstrations are a big part of Taekwondo. These demonstrators break everything from concrete bricks, metals, ice and even boulders. These may seem like impossible tasks for humans, but not as impossible as they might want
you to believe. With the basic understanding of physics, these demonstrations may not seem that impossible after all.
However, these demonstrations are still very dangerous and can cause permanent injuries. And sometimes they can be fatal. These demonstrators are highly trained athletes and are capable of performing at very high levels while
practicing safety techniques.
Finally, these breaking demonstrations are just that, ¡°demonstrations¡±. Martial artists should not use these demonstrations to trick others or make others believe that they are super humans.
These demonstrations should only be used to train our bodies and demonstrate what our bodies are capable of doing.
Preface
What is the Science of Taekwondo
Chapter 1: Mind and Muscle
1. Principle of Mind Training
2. Speed and Reaction
(1) Aerial Dog Fights (2) Baseball batting
(3) Sparring (4) Real Life Combat
3. Brain and Muscle Coordination
1) Brain Memory and Muscle Coordination
(1) Coordination (2) Mental preparation training (Image Training)
(3) Expert or Master of Arts
Chapter 2: Body
1. Dynamics of Human Body
(1) Efficiency
2. Body Anatomy
(1) Joints (2) Cartilage (3) Tendons and ligaments
(4) Spine (5) Skull or Cranial bones (6) Human Growth
3. Muscle Composition
(1) Muscle Strength Training (2) Strength Training Hands and Feet
(3) Strength Fitness Training for Different Sports
(4) Importance of Training (5) Body Flexibility
4. Muscle Movements
(1) Pulling Property of Muscles (2) Muscle Relaxation upper body
(3) Muscle Relaxation lower body (4) Muscle Relaxation Speed and Power
(5) Muscle Application - Po... wer
5. Pelvis (Hip) Functions
(1) Hip Function Transfer Gear (2) Jumping Angle
Chapter 3: The center of Mass and the Stability
1. Center of Mass (Gravity)
(1) Center of Mass Location and Stability
(2) Center of Mass Walking and Running
(3) Center of Mass Vertical Height and Stability
(4) Size of Base of Support and Stability
(5) Weight and Stability
(6) Stability Offense and Defense in Sports
2. Center of Mass Outside of Physical Body
(1) High Jumps Using Center of Mass Outside of Physical Body
3. Center of Mass Weight Shift
Chapter 4: Laws of Motion Basic Principles of Objects
1. Newton's first law: Law of Inertia
(1) Objects at Rest (2) Objects in Motion
(3) Law of Inertia in Rotating Objects
2. Newton's Second Law of Motion: Law of Acceleration
3. Newton's Third Law of Motion: Law of Action and Reaction
(1) Action and Reaction from Ground
(2) Action and Reaction When Turning
(3) Action and Reaction during Collision
(4) Action and Reaction Vital Points
(5) Action and Reaction Defense
(6) Action and Reaction Breaking
4. Principle of Seesaw
(1) Action and Reaction - Arms (2) Action and Reaction Body and Torso
5. Action and Reaction - Push and Pull
6. Action and Reaction Law of Reflection
Chapter 5: FORCE
1. Pressure Force Per Area
(1) Pressure Concentration of Power
2. Dispersion of Power Defense, Falling Technique and Safety Gear
Master Lee¡¯s Junk Box!: Bed of Nails and Walking on Crushed Glass Bed
(1) Square Cube Law (2) Surface Area and Air Resistance
3. Tensile Force (Strength) and Pressure
(1) Hollowed Bricks (2) Dome Construction
(3) Board Breaking Parallel to the Grain
4. Volume and Density
(1) Objects with Different Densities (2) Scaling Law
5. Sweet Spots
6. Frictions
(1) Surface Friction
7. Normal force
(1) Friction and Normal Force Reaction Force
(2) Pivot Angle Reaction Force
8. Fluid Dynamics
(1) Water Resistance Training (2) Turbulence Training
(3) Putting out candle flames and Pulling Paper in the air
(4) Buoyancy
Master Lee¡¯s Junk Box!: Pascal¡¯s Principle
Chapter 6: MOMENTUM AND IMPULSE
1. MOMENTUM
2. Impulse
Master Lee¡¯s Junk Box!:Breaking concrete block on the stomach with a sledgehammer
3. Wind Ups
(1) Momentum Distance (2) Impulse Time
4. Impulse - Follow-Through
5. Impulse - Shock
(1) Protective Gears (2) Impulse - Soft Hand
(3) Impulse Riding the Punch (4) Falling Techniques and Footwork
6. Force Collision time
(1) Impulse - Breaking
Chapter 7: Net Force
1. Equilibrium of Forces
2. Vector and Net Force
3. Application of Vectors and Net Force in Taekwondo - Defense
(1) Defense Your Strength (2) Defense Re-Directing
(3) Defense Changing the direction of an Attack
4. Application of Vectors and Net Force in Taekwondo - Offense
(1) Muscles (2) Weight Shifting
(3) Supporting Leg (4) Gravity and Vector
5. FLEXIBILITY and Vectors
(0) Rebounding Effect (1) Elastic Energy : Explosive Power
(2) Follow Through and Rebound
6. Vector Applications
(0) Target (Hitting) Angle (1) Competition Stance
(2) Breaking Techniques (3) Maintaining Stability
Chapter 8: Parabolic Motion
1. Gravity
(1) Free Fall
2. Parabolic motion of an object
(1) Launch Angle (2) Horizontal Component - Distance
(3) Vertical Component - Height (4) Air Time
(5) Standing Vertical Jump verses Running Start Vertical Jump
Chapter 9: WORK AND ENERGY
1. Work and Energy
2. Thermal Energy
Master Lee¡¯s Junk Box!: Fire Walking
3. Wave Energy
(1) Energy transfer via Waves
Master Lee¡¯s Junk Box!: Screw Punch Vs.Straight Punch
(2) Overlapping Wave Energy (3) Resonance
(4) Sound Energy (5) Potential Energy
(6) Difference between Weight and Mass
4. Kinetic Energy
5. ELASTIC ENERGY
(1) WARM UP
6. Energy Conversion and Conservation
Chapter 10: ROTATIONAL MOVEMENT
1. Tangential speed
(1) Weapons - Speed and Length
2. Angular Momentum
(1) Angular Momentum and radius
(2) Angular Momentum and Mass
(3) Angular Momentum and Mass Distribution
(4) Angular Momentum, Mass Distribution and Kicking
(5) 540 degrees spinning kicks - Ultimate offensive moves
3. Reactionary force of rotational inertia
(1) Rotational Movement - Walking and Kicking
(2) Rotational Movement - Reaction Force Kicks
Chapter 11: Self-Defense
1. Offense
2. Defense
3. More Defense
Epilog
ÀÌÁ¤±Ô(Jung K. Lee ) [Àú]
Master Jung Kyu Lee (»ç¹ü ÀÌÁ¤±Ô) ÃæºÏ´ëÇб³ ¹°¸®Çаú Á¹¾÷ ´ëÇѹα¹¿¡¼ ž ´ëÇп¡¼ ¹°¸®ÇÐÀ» Àü°øÇß´Ù. 1997³â Á¹¾÷°ú ´õºÒ¾î ¹è³¶ Çϳª ´Þ¶û ¸Þ°í ¹Ì±¹À¸·Î °Ç³Ê¿Í űǵµ¸¦ °¡¸£Ä¡±â ½ÃÀÛÇß´Ù. 2008³â űǵµ½Å¹®¿¡ űǵµ »ç¹üÀ¸·Î »ì¾Æ¿À¸é¼ °æÇèÇÑ ¹Ù¸¦ ¼öÇÊ·Î 6°³¿ù°£¿¡ °ÉÃÄ ¿¬ÀçÇÏ¸é¼ ¸¹Àº À̵鿡°Ô ÁøÇÑ °¨µ¿ÀÇ ´«¹°°ú ¿ôÀ½À» ÁÖ´Â ¸Þ½ÃÁö¿´´Ù´Â Æò°¡¸¦ ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. ÀÌ ÈÄ ÀÌ °æÇèµéÀº ÇÑ ±ÇÀÇ Ã¥À¸·Î ¹¿©¡®Journey of Master Lee¡¯¶ó´Â Ã¥À¸·Î ÃâÆǵǾú´Ù. ±× ¹Û¿¡µµ °¢Á¾ À¯¸í ¹«¼ú À¥ »çÀÌÆ®¿¡¼ ¹«¿¹ Ä®·³À̽ºÆ®·Î È°µ¿ ÁßÀ̸ç ÇöÀç´Â ¹Ì±¹ Á¶Áö¾Æ ÁÖÀÇ ÇÑÀûÇÑ ½Ã°ñ¸¶À»¿¡¼ Áö¿ªÁֹεé°ú °¡Á·ÀÌ µÇ¾î »ì¾Æ°¡°í ÀÖ´Ù. űǵµÀεéÀÌ Å±ǵµ ¿Ü¿¡ ´Ù¸¥ ºÐ¾ß·Î±îÁö ±× °ü½É°ú ¹è¿òÀ» ³ÐÇô¾ß űǵµÀÇ À§»óÀÌ È®´ëµÉ °ÍÀ̶ó°í ÁÖÀåÇÏ´Â ÀúÀÚ´Â ¸ÕÀú, °úÇÐ ºÐ¾ß·Î űǵµÀÎÀÇ ½Ã¼±ÀÌ µ¹·ÁÁ®¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â »ý°¢¿¡ űǵµ¿Í °úÇÐÀ» Á¢¸ñÇÏ¿© ÀÌ Ã¥À» ±âȹÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¾ÆÁ÷µµ űǵµ¸¦ ÅëÇØ »î°ú Àλý, »ç¹°À» °üÁ¶ÇÏ´Â ´«À» ¶ß±æ ¹Ù¶ó¸é ¹è¿ò¿¡ ¸ñ¸¶¸¥ ±æÀ» °¡°í ÀÖ´Ù. Àú¼: űǵµÀÇ °úÇÐ (»ó¾Æ±âȹ, 2012) ±Àº¬ÀÌ Å±ǵµ »ç¹üÀÇ ÁÂÃæ¿ìµ¹ ¹Ì±¹ üÇè±â (¾Ö´Ïºò, 2013) Graduation from Chungbuk National University, in Physics. He was born in Republic of Korea, and majored in physic at college. On graduation, he immigrated into USA only with a backpack in 1997, and started to teach Taekwondo. In 2008, he had contributed essays on Taekwondo newspaper, regarding his experiences as Taekwondo master for 6 months consecutively, and received evaluations that the essays were full of messages with tears and laughter from many people. Later on, the essays were published in a book under the title ¡®Journey of Master Lee.¡¯ On top of that, he is currently working as a martial art columnist on multiple numbers of martial art websites, and living together with community people as family in a remote town in Georgia, USA. The author has argued that Taekwondo can broaden its horizon only when men of Taekwondo would have broader range of interests and learning, and as part of an ongoing effort, he has published this book to link Taekwondo with science. He is still seeking for a way to intuition on such things as life, humans, objects etc. through Taekwondo.
Christopher K. Pak [Àú]
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