Author Biography xxiiiPreface xxvAcknowledgments xxviiAbout the Companion Website xxixPart 1 General Concepts 11 Basic Definitions. Claims. Classification of Cosmetics and OTC Drug-Cosmetic Products 3Learning Objectives 3Key Concepts 41.1 What Is Cosmetic Science? 51.2 Basic Definitions 81.2.1 United States 81.2.2 Other Markets 101.3 How is a Product's Intended Use Established in the US? 131.4 Classification of Cosmetics and OTC Drug-Cosmetic Products 141.5 Cosmetic Claims 151.5.1 Types of Claims 151.5.2 Regulation of Cosmetic Claims in the US 171.5.3 Popular Cosmetic Claims 181.6 A Special Category: Soap 27Glossary of Terms 28Abbreviations 30References 302 Cosmetic Ingredients and Active Ingredients Used in OTC Drug-Cosmetic Products 33Learning Objectives 33Key Concepts 342.1 Cosmetic Ingredients 352.1.1 Abrasives 352.1.2 Antioxidants 362.1.3 Chelating Agents 372.1.4 Color Additives 382.1.5 Exfoliants 412.1.6 Film Formers 422.1.7 Flavoring Agents 422.1.8 Fragrances 432.1.9 Moisturizer...s 452.1.10 pH Adjusters 462.1.11 pH Buffers 462.1.12 Plasticizers 462.1.13 Preservatives 472.1.14 Propellants 482.1.15 Silicones 482.1.16 Solvents 492.1.17 Surfactants 502.1.18 Sweeteners 532.1.19 Thickeners 532.2 Active Ingredients 552.2.1 Anti-Acne Ingredients 562.2.2 Anticavity Ingredients 572.2.3 Anti-Dandruff Ingredients 572.2.4 Antiperspirant Ingredients 572.2.5 Skin Protectant Ingredients 582.2.6 Topical Antiseptic Ingredients 582.2.7 UV Filters 59Glossary of Terms 59Abbreviations 61References 623 Product forms for Cosmetics and OTC Drug-Cosmetic Products 65Learning Objectives 65Key Concepts 663.1 Introduction 663.2 What is a Product Form? 673.3 Product Forms for Cosmetic Applications 683.3.1 Solution 683.3.2 Emulsion 693.3.3 Suspension 723.3.4 Ointment 743.3.5 Paste 753.3.6 Gel 753.3.7 Powder 763.3.8 Capsule 773.3.9 Stick 773.3.10 Aerosol 77Glossary of Terms 78Abbreviations 79References 804 Government and Independent Organizations in the Cosmetic Industry 81Learning Objectives 81Key Concepts 824.1 Introduction 834.2 Food and Drug Administration 834.2.1 FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN) 844.2.2 FDA Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) 844.3 Personal Care Product Council 854.4 Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel 854.5 Federal Trade Commission 864.6 National Advertising Division 874.7 Environmental Protection Agency 874.8 International Fragrance Association (IFRA) 884.9 Research Institute for Fragrance Materials (RIFM) 884.10 Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association (FEMA) 884.11 European Commission 894.12 Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety 894.13 Cosmetics Europe - the Personal Care Association 89Glossary of Terms 90Abbreviations 90References 915 Current Rules and Regulations for Cosmetics and OTC Drug-Cosmetic Products in the United States and European Union 93Learning Objectives 93Key Concepts 945.1 Introduction 955.2 Regulation in the US 955.2.1 Registration of Manufacturing Facilities and Products 955.2.2 Premarket Approval 975.2.3 Manufacturing 985.2.4 Use of Ingredients 985.2.5 Product Safety 995.2.6 Packaging and Labeling 1015.2.7 Import of Products 1025.2.8 Recalls 1025.3 Regulation in the EU 1045.3.1 Registration of Manufacturing Facilities and Products 1055.3.2 Premarket Approval 1055.3.3 Manufacturing 1055.3.4 Use of Ingredients 1055.3.5 Product Safety 1065.3.6 Packaging and Labeling 1075.3.7 Import of Products 1075.3.8 Recalls 107Glossary of Terms 108Abbreviations 108References 1096 Cosmetic Good Manufacturing Practices 111Learning Objectives 111Key Concepts 1126.1 Cosmetic Good Manufacturing Practices 1126.1.1 Documentation 1156.1.2 Records 1156.1.3 Buildings and Facilities 1166.1.4 Equipment 1166.1.5 Personnel 1166.1.6 Raw Materials 1176.1.7 Production 1176.1.8 Laboratory Controls 1176.1.9 Internal Audit 1176.1.10 Complaints Adverse Events and Recalls 117Glossary of Terms 119Abbreviations 120References 1207 Labeling Tutorial for Cosmetics and OTC Drug-Cosmetic Products Marketed in the United States. INCI Names 121Learning Objectives 121Key Concepts 1227.1 Introduction 1237.1.1 Definitions 1247.2 Cosmetic Products 1257.2.1 Principal Display Panel 1257.2.2 Information Panels 1277.3 OTC Drug-Cosmetic Products 1307.3.1 Principal Display Panel 1307.3.2 Information Panels 1317.4 INCI Naming 1347.5 Do You Know the Exact Composition of a Cosmetic Product or OTC Drug-Cosmetic Product? 136Glossary of Terms 137Abbreviations 138References 1398 Testing of Cosmetics and OTC Drug-Cosmetic Products 141Learning Objectives 141Key Concepts 1428.1 Product Development Cycle 1438.2 Product Testing 1448.2.1 Quality Testing 1458.2.2 Stability Testing 1478.2.3 Safety Testing 1508.2.4 Performance Testing 153Glossary of Terms 156Abbreviations 157References 157Part 2 Skin Care Products 1619 Skin Anatomy and Physiology 163Learning Objectives 163Key Concepts 1649.1 Introduction 1659.2 Structure and Function of Human Skin 1659.2.1 Epidermis 1659.2.2 Dermis 1709.2.3 Hypodermis 1729.3 Main Characteristics of Human Skin 1729.3.1 Moisture Content of Normal Skin 1729.3.2 Skin Flora and Skin pH 1749.3.3 Surface Charge of Normal Skin 1759.3.4 Skin Types 175Glossary of Terms 178Abbreviations 180References 18010 Skin Cleansing Products 183Learning Objectives 183Key Concepts 18510.1 Introduction 18610.2 Types and Definition of Skin Cleansing Products 18610.3 History of Using Skin Cleansing Products 18710.4 How Skin Cleansers May Affect the Skin 18810.5 Required Characteristics and Consumer Needs 19110.6 Basic Concepts of Skin Cleansing Products 19110.6.1 Classification Based on Chemical Nature and Mildness 19110.6.2 Classification Based on Cleaning Principle 19210.6.3 Classification Based on Foamability 19310.6.4 Classification Based on Product Types 19410.7 Typical Ingredients and Formulation of Skin Cleansing Products 19510.7.1 Facial Cleansers 19510.7.2 Body Cleansers 20010.7.3 Hand Cleansers 20610.8 Considerations When Selecting Skin Cleansing Products 21110.9 Typical Quality Problems of Skin Cleansing Products 21210.9.1 Sticky Bath Salts and Bath Bombs 21210.9.2 Broken Bath Bombs 21310.9.3 Discoloration of Bar Soaps 21310.9.4 Poor Foaming Activity of Foaming Formulations 21310.9.5 Separation of Emulsions 21310.9.6 Cloudy Solution 21510.9.7 Microbiological Contamination 21510.9.8 Clump formation 21610.9.9 Rancidity 21610.10 Evaluation of Skin Cleansing Products 21610.10.1 Quality Parameters Generally Tested 21610.10.2 Efficacy (Performance) Parameters Generally Tested 22910.11 Ingredients Causing Safety Concerns 23110.11.1 Parabens 23110.11.2 Sulfates 23210.11.3 1,4-Dioxane 23210.11.4 Microbeads 23310.12 Packaging of Skin Cleansing Products 233Glossary of Terms 234Abbreviations 236References 23711 Skin Moisturizing Products 243Learning Objectives 243Key Concepts 24411.1 Introduction 24511.2 Types and Definition of Skin Moisturizers 24511.3 History of Using Skin Moisturizers 24611.4 How Skin Moisturizers May Affect the Skin 24711.5 Required Characteristics and Consumer Needs 24911.6 Typical Ingredients and Formulation of Skin Moisturizers 24911.6.1 Skin Hydrating and Moisturizing Ingredients 25011.6.2 Additional Ingredients in Skin Moisturizers 25411.7 Product Types 25611.7.1 Formulation of Skin Moisturizers 25811.8 Considerations When Selecting Skin Moisturizers 25911.9 Typical Quality Issues of Skin Moisturizer Formulations 26011.10 Evaluation of Skin Moisturizing Products 26011.10.1 Quality Parameters Generally Tested 26011.10.2 Efficacy (Performance) Parameters Generally Tested 26011.11 Ingredients Causing Safety Concerns 26711.12 Packing of Skin Moisturizers 268Glossary of Terms 269Acronyms 270References 27012 Products for Aging 275Learning Objectives 275Key Concepts 27612.1 Introduction 27712.2 Changes in Skin Structure and Function During Aging 27712.2.1 Intrinsic Aging 27712.2.2 Extrinsic Aging 27912.3 Drug or Cosmetic? 28112.4 Typical Ingredients Used in Topical Antiaging Products 28212.4.1 Botanical Extracts 28312.4.2 Antioxidants 28312.4.3 Peptides and Proteins 28412.4.4 Retinoids 28412.4.5 Hydroxy Acids 28512.4.6 Sunscreens 28612.4.7 Chemical Peels 28612.5 Formulation Considerations of Topical Antiaging Products 28712.6 Formulation Challenges of Common Antiaging Ingredients 29012.7 Safety Concerns Regarding the Use of Topical Noninvasive Antiaging Ingredients 29112.7.1 AHAs 29212.7.2 Topical Retinoids 29212.7.3 Peptides and Proteins 29212.8 Packing of Antiaging Products 293Glossary of Terms 293Abbreviations 294References 29513 Products for Acne 301Learning Objectives 301Key Concepts 30213.1 Introduction 30213.2 Anatomy and Physiology of the Pilosebaceous Unit 30313.3 Development of Acne 30413.3.1 Pathogenesis of Acne 30413.3.2 Causes of Acne and Potential Exacerbating Factors 30513.4 Symptoms and Types of Acne Vulgaris 30713.4.1 Noninflammatory Acne 30713.4.2 Inflammatory Acne 30813.5 Treatment of Acne Vulgaris 30913.5.1 Topical Treatment Options 30913.5.2 Systemic Treatment Options 31213.5.3 Additional Treatment Options 31313.6 Formulation Considerations 31413.7 Ingredients Causing Safety Concerns 31513.7.1 Topical Ingredients 31513.7.2 Oral Retinoids 31513.7.3 Antibacterial Resistance 31613.8 Packaging of Anti-Acne Products 316Glossary of Terms 316Abbreviations 317References 31714 Skin Lightening Products 323Learning Objectives 323Key Concepts 32414.1 Introduction 32514.2 Skin Color and Production of Melanin 32514.3 Common Hyperpigmention Lesions 32714.4 History of Using Skin Lightening Products 32914.5 Drug or Cosmetic? 32914.6 How Skin Lightening Products May Affect the Skin 33014.7 Required Characteristics and Consumer Needs 33114.8 Typical Ingredients used in Skin Lightening Products 33114.8.1 Mechanism of Action 33114.8.2 Ingredients 33214.9 Formulation Considerations and Challenges for Topical Skin Lightening Products 33414.10 Important Considerations When Using Skin Lightening Products 33514.11 Typical Quality Issues of Skin Lightening Formulations 33614.12 Evaluation of Skin Lightening Products 33614.12.1 Quality Parameters Generally Tested 33614.12.2 Performance (Efficacy) Parameters Generally Tested 33614.13 Ingredients Causing Safety Concerns 33914.13.1 Hydroquinone 33914.13.2 Topical Retinoids 33914.13.3 Chemical Peels 33914.14 Packaging of Skin Lightening Products 340Glossary of Terms 340Abbreviations 341References 34115 Sun Care Products 347Learning Objectives 347Key Concepts 34815.1 Introduction 34915.2 Sun Protection Basics 35015.2.1 The Light Spectrum 35015.2.2 UV Radiation 35115.2.3 Sun Protection Factor 35315.2.4 Broad Spectrum Protection 35515.2.5 Water Resistance 35615.3 Effects of UV Radiation on the Human Body 35615.4 Types and Definition of Sun Care Products 35815.5 History of Using Sun Care Products 35915.6 Required Characteristics and Consumer Needs 36015.7 Sunscreens 36115.7.1 UV Filters 36115.7.2 Additional Sunscreen Ingredients 36315.7.3 Photoprotection Boosting Technologies to Optimize Product Efficacy and Consumer Acceptance 36515.7.4 Product Forms 36715.7.5 Formulation of Sunscreens 36915.8 After-Sun Products 37015.8.1 Sunburn 37015.8.2 Skin Care after Sun Exposure 37015.9 Typical Quality Problems of Sun Care Products 37115.9.1 Valve Clogging 37115.10 Evaluation of Sun Care Products 37115.10.1 Quality Parameters Generally Tested 37115.10.2 Performance (Efficacy) Parameters Generally Tested 37815.11 Ingredients Causing Safety Concerns 38015.11.1 Skin Absorption of Organic UV Filters 38015.11.2 Photoirritation from Organic UV Filters 38015.11.3 Coral Bleaching 38115.11.4 Nanoparticles in Sunscreens 38115.12 Packaging of Sun Care Products 382Glossary of Terms 383Abbreviations 385References 385Part 3 Hair Care Products 39316 Hair Anatomy And Physiology 395Learning Objectives 395Key Concepts 39616.1 Introduction 39616.2 Structure and Function of Human Hair 39716.3 Main Characteristics of Human Hair 40016.3.1 Hair Growth Cycle and Hair Loss 40016.3.2 Chemical Composition of Human Hair 40216.3.3 Physical Properties of Human Hair 40516.3.4 Hair Types 406Glossary of Terms 409Abbreviations 411References 41117 Hair Cleansing and Conditioning Products 413Learning Objectives 413Key Concepts 41417.1 Introduction 41517.2 Types and Definition of Hair Cleansing and Conditioning Products 41517.3 History of Using Hair Cleansing and Conditioning Products 41617.4 How Hair Cleaning and Conditioning Products May Affect the Hair and Scalp 41617.5 Required Characteristics and Consumer Needs 41817.6 Hair Cleansing Products 41917.6.1 Cleansing Basics 41917.6.2 Typical Ingredients of Shampoos 41917.6.3 Types and Formulation of Shampoos 42217.7 Hair Conditioners 42617.7.1 Conditioning Ingredients of Conditioners 42717.7.2 Types of and Formulation of Conditioners 42817.8 Typical Quality Issues of Hair Cleansing and Conditioning Products 43017.9 Evaluation of Hair Cleansing and Conditioning Products 43017.9.1 Quality Parameters Generally Tested 43017.9.2 Performance (Efficacy) Parameters Generally Tested 43017.10 Ingredients Causing Safety Concerns 43217.10.1 Sulfates and Laureth Sulfates 43217.11 Packaging of Hair Cleansing and Conditioning Products 433Glossary of Terms 433Abbreviations 434References 43418 Hair Styling Products Hair Straightening Products and Hair Waving Products 439Learning Objectives 439Key Concepts 44118.1 Introduction 44218.2 Types and Definition of Hair Styling Hair Straightening and Hair Waving Products 44218.3 History of Using Hair Styling Hair Waving and Hair Straightening Products 44318.4 How Hair Styling Products and Procedures May Affect the Hair and Scalp 44418.5 Required Characteristics and Consumer Needs 44618.6 Hair Styling Products 44718.6.1 Polymer-Based Hair Styling Products 44718.6.2 Emollient-Based Hair Styling Products 45018.7 Hair Styling Procedures 45218.7.1 Temporary Hair Curling and Straightening Tools 45218.7.2 Permanent Hair Waving and Straightening Procedures 45418.8 Typical Quality Issues of Hair Styling Hair Waving and Hair Straightening Products 46018.8.1 Valve Clogging 46018.8.2 Poor Foaming of Hair Mousses 46118.8.3 Unstable Foam 46118.9 Evaluation of Hair Styling Hair Waving and Hair Straightening Products 46118.9.1 Quality Parameters Generally Tested 46118.9.2 Performance Parameters of Hair Styling Products Generally Tested 46118.9.3 Performance Parameters of Permanent Waving Products Generally Tested 46418.10 Ingredients Causing Safety Concerns 46518.10.1 Volatile Organic Compounds 46518.10.2 Inhalation of Aerosol Droplets 46618.10.3 Thioglycolates 46618.10.4 Hydroxides 46718.10.5 Formaldehyde 46718.11 Packaging of Hair Styling Hair Waving and Hair Straightening Products 468Glossary of Terms 468Abbreviations 470References 47019 Hair Coloring Products 475Learning Objectives 475Key Concepts 47619.1 Introduction 47719.2 Types and Definition of Hair Coloring Products 47719.3 History of Using Hair Coloring Products 47819.4 How Hair Coloring Products May Affect the Scalp and Hair 47919.5 Required Characteristics and Consumer Needs 48119.6 Current US Regulation of Hair Dyes 48119.7 Types Typical Ingredients and Formulation of Hair Coloring Products 48219.7.1 Non-Oxidative Products 48219.7.2 Oxidative Products 48619.7.3 Formulation of Hair Coloring Products 48919.8 Typical Quality Issues of Hair Coloring Products 48919.9 Evaluation of Hair Coloring Products 49019.9.1 Quality Parameters Generally Tested 49019.9.2 Efficacy (Performance) Parameters Generally Tested 49019.10 Ingredients Causing Safety Concerns 49019.10.1 Oxidative Hair Dyes 49019.10.2 Lead Acetate 49219.11 Packaging of Hair Coloring Products 492Glossary of terms 492Abbreviations 494References 494Part 4 Color Cosmetics 49720 Lip Makeup Products 499Learning Objectives 499Key Concepts 50020.1 Introduction 50120.2 Anatomy and Physiology of Human Lips 50120.3 History of Using Lip Makeup Products 50320.4 Types and Definition of Lip Makeup Products 50420.5 How Lip Makeup Products May Affect the Lips 50520.6 Required Characteristics and Consumer Needs 50620.7 Typical Ingredients of Lip Makeup Products 50620.8 Common Types of Lip Makeup Products 50920.9 Formulation of Lip Makeup Products 51120.9.1 Molding 51120.9.2 Additional Methods 51320.10 Typical Quality Issues of Lip Makeup Products 51520.10.1 Aeration 51520.10.2 Laddering 51620.10.3 Chipping or Cracking 51620.10.4 Deformation 51620.10.5 Cratering 51620.10.6 Streaking 51620.10.7 Sweating 51620.10.8 Mushy Failure 51720.10.9 Seams 51720.10.10 Bleeding 51720.10.11 Poor Payoff 51720.11 Evaluation of Lip Makeup Products 51720.11.1 Quality Parameters Generally Tested 51720.11.2 Performance (Efficacy) Parameters Generally Tested 51920.12 Ingredient Causing Safety Concerns 51920.12.1 Lead Content 51920.13 Packaging of Lip Makeup Products 520Glossary of Terms 520Abbreviations 522References 52221 Eye Makeup Products 525Learning Objectives 525Key Concepts 52621.1 Introduction 52721.2 Anatomy and Physiology of Human Eyelids and Eyelashes 52721.3 History of Using Eye Makeup Products 52821.4 Types and Definition of Eye Makeup Products 52921.5 How Eye Makeup Products May Affect the Eye Area 53021.6 Required Characteristics and Consumer Needs 53221.7 Typical Ingredients and Formulation of Eye Makeup Products 53321.7.1 Mascara 53321.7.2 Eyeliner 53721.7.3 Eyebrow Liner 53721.7.4 Eyeshadow 53821.7.5 Eye Makeup Removers 54021.8 Typical Quality Issues of Eye Makeup Products 54121.8.1 Breaking 54121.8.2 Sticking 54221.8.3 Smudging 54221.8.4 Drying up 54221.9 Evaluation of Eye Makeup Products 54321.9.1 Quality Parameters Generally Tested 54321.10 Safety Testing of Eye Cosmetics 54721.11 Packaging of Eye Makeup Products 548Glossary of Terms 549Abbreviations 550References 55022 Facial Makeup Products 553Learning Objectives 553Key Concepts 55422.1 Introduction 55522.2 Types and Definition of Facial Makeup Products 55522.3 History of Using Facial Makeup Products 55622.4 How Facial Makeup Products May Affect the Skin 55722.5 Required Characteristics and Consumer Needs 55922.6 Typical Ingredients and Formulation of Facial Makeup Products 55922.6.1 Powder Makeup Products for the Face 56022.6.2 Liquid and Semisolid Makeup Products for the Face 56322.6.3 Other Facial Makeup Products 56622.7 Typical Quality Issues of Facial Makeup Products 56722.8 Evaluation of Facial Makeup Products 56822.8.1 Quality Parameters Generally Tested 56822.9 Ingredients Causing Safety Concerns 56822.9.1 Talc 56822.10 Packaging of Facial Makeup Products 570Glossary of Terms 570Abbreviations 571References 57123 Nail Care Products 575Learning Objectives 575Key Concepts 57623.1 Introduction 57723.2 Anatomy and Physiology of Human Nails 57723.3 History of Using Nail Care Products 57923.4 Types and Definition of Nail Care Products 58023.5 How Nail Care Products May Affect the Human Nails 58123.6 Required Characteristics and Consumer Needs 58323.7 Functional Nail Care Products 58323.7.1 Nail Hardeners 58323.7.2 Nail Moisturizers 58423.7.3 Chemical Cuticle Removers 58523.8 Decorative Nail Care Products 58523.8.1 Nail Polish 58523.8.2 Artificial Nail Products 59023.9 Nail Polish Removers 59323.9.1 Ingredients 59323.9.2 Types of Nail Polish Removers 59323.10 Typical Quality Issues of Nail Care Products 59423.10.1 Bubbling 59423.10.2 Cracking 59423.10.3 Chipping 59523.10.4 Thickening 59523.11 Evaluation of Nail Care Products 59523.11.1 Quality Parameters Generally Tested 59523.12 Ingredients Causing Safety Concerns 59823.12.1 Toluene 59923.12.2 Phthalates 59923.12.3 Methylene Glycol ("Formaldehyde") 60023.12.4 UV Nail Lamps 60023.13 Packaging of Nail Care Products 600Glossary of Terms 601Abbreviations 602References 602Part 5 Additional Personal Care Products 60724 Oral and Dental Care Products 609Learning Objectives 609Key Concepts 61024.1 Introduction 61124.2 Anatomy and Physiology of the Human Oral Cavity 61224.3 Review of the Most Common Oral and Dental Care Problems 61324.4 History of Using Oral and Dental Care Products 61724.5 Types and Definition of Oral and Dental Care Products 61824.6 How Oral and Dental Care Products May Affect the Teeth and the Oral Cavity 61924.7 Required Characteristics and Consumer Needs 62024.8 Typical Ingredients and Formulation of Oral and Dental Care Products 62124.8.1 Toothpaste 62124.8.2 Mouthwash 63024.8.3 Other Products 63324.8.4 Tooth Powders 63424.8.5 Dental Floss 63424.9 Typical Quality Issues of Oral and Dental Care Products 63524.9.1 Hardening 63524.9.2 Inappropriate Viscosity 63524.9.3 Grittiness 63624.9.4 Cloudy Solution 63624.10 Evaluation of Dental and Oral Care Products 63624.10.1 Quality Parameters Generally Tested 63624.10.2 Efficacy (Performance) Parameters Generally Tested 63624.11 Ingredients Causing Safety Concerns 63724.11.1 Fluoride 63824.11.2 Hydrogen Peroxide 63924.12 Packaging of Dental and Oral Care Products 639Glossary of Terms 640Abbreviations 641References 64225 Hair Removal Products 647Learning Objectives 647Key Concepts 64825.1 Introduction 64925.2 Review of the Structure and Function of Human Hair 64925.3 History of Using Hair Removal Methods 65125.4 Possible Methods for Removing Hair 65225.4.1 Temporary Methods 65325.4.2 Permanent Methods 65525.5 Types and Definition of Hair Removal Products 65625.6 How Hair Removal Products May Affect the Skin and Hair 65725.7 Required Characteristics and Consumer Needs 65925.8 Types Typical Ingredients and Formulation of Hair Removal Products 66025.8.1 Pretreatment Products 66025.8.2 Shaving Products 66125.8.3 Chemical Depilatories 66625.8.4 Waxes 66825.8.5 Aftertreatment Products 67025.9 Typical Quality Issues of Hair Removal Products 67125.9.1 Brittle Wax 67125.10 Evaluation of Hair Removal Products 67125.10.1 Quality Parameters Generally Tested 67125.10.2 Efficacy (Performance) Parameters Generally Tested 67225.11 Ingredients Causing Safety Concerns 67225.11.1 Thioglycolates 67225.11.2 Volatile Organic Compounds 67225.12 Packaging of Hair Removal Products 673Glossary of Terms 673Abbreviations 674References 67426 Deodorants and Antiperspirants 677Learning Objectives 677Key Concepts 67826.1 Introduction 67926.2 Anatomy and Physiology of Human Sweat Glands 67926.3 Types and Definition of Products Reducing Body Odor 68226.4 History of Using Deodorants and Antiperspirants 68326.5 How Deodorants and Antiperspirants May Affect the Human Skin and Body 68426.6 Required Characteristics and Consumer Needs 68526.7 The Mechanism of Action of Deodorant and Antiperspirant Ingredients 68526.8 Most Common Product Forms of Deodorants and Antiperspirants 68726.8.1 Roll-Ons 68826.8.2 Solid Sticks 68826.8.3 Extrudable Clear Gels 68926.8.4 Extrudable Soft Solids 68926.8.5 Aerosols 69026.9 Formulation of Deodorant and Antiperspirant Products 69126.10 Typical Quality Issues of Deodorants and Antiperspirants 69226.10.1 Shrinkage of Extrudable Gels 69226.10.2 Caking of Aerosols 69226.10.3 Valve Clogging 69326.10.4 Staining and Fabric Damage 69326.10.5 Poor Pay-Off 69326.11 Evaluation of Deodorants and Antiperspirants 69426.11.1 Quality Parameters Generally Tested 69426.11.2 Efficacy (Performance) Parameters Generally Tested 69526.12 Ingredients Causing Safety Concerns 69626.12.1 Aluminum 69726.12.2 Zirconium 69826.12.3 Volatile Organic Compounds 69826.13 Packaging of Deodorants and Antiperspirants 698Glossary of Terms 699Abbreviations 700References 70027 Baby Care Products 705Learning Objectives 705Key Concepts 70627.1 Introduction 70727.2 Anatomical and Physiological Differences Between Baby and Adult Skin and Hair 70727.2.1 Skin 70827.2.2 Hair 70927.2.3 Other Areas 70927.3 Types and Definition of Baby Care Products 71027.4 History of Using Baby Care Products 71127.5 How Baby Care Products May Affect Baby Skin Hair and Eyes 71127.6 Required Characteristics and Consumer Needs 71427.7 Types Typical Ingredients and Formulation of Baby Care Products 71427.7.1 Formulation Considerations 71427.7.2 Cleansing Products for Babies 71527.7.3 Protecting Products for Babies 71827.8 Typical Quality Issues of Baby Care Products 72227.9 Evaluation of Baby Care Products 72227.9.1 Quality Parameters Generally Tested 72227.9.2 Performance (Efficacy) Parameters Generally Tested 72327.10 Ingredients Causing Safety Concerns 72327.10.1 Talc 72327.11 Packaging of Baby Care Products 724Glossary of Terms 725Abbreviations 725References 72628 Feminine Hygiene Products 731Learning Objectives 731Key Concepts 73228.1 Introduction 73328.2 Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Genital Area 73328.2.1 Vulva 73428.2.2 Vagina 73428.3 Types and Definition of Feminine Hygiene Products 73628.4 History of Using Feminine Hygiene Products 73828.5 How Feminine Hygiene Products May Affect the Human Body and Female Genital Area 73928.6 Required Qualities and Characteristics and Consumer Needs 74128.7 Types Typical Ingredients and Formulation of Feminine Hygiene Products 74128.7.1 Cleansing and Deodorizing Products 74128.7.2 Feminine Moisturizers and Lubricants 74428.7.3 Topical Anti-Itch and Antifungal Medications 74728.8 Typical Quality Issues of Feminine Hygiene Products 74828.8.1 Abnormal Shape of Vaginal Suppositories 74828.9 Evaluation of Feminine Hygiene Products 74828.9.1 Quality Parameters Generally Tested 74828.9.2 Performance (Efficacy) Parameters Generally Tested 74928.10 Ingredients Causing Safety Concerns 74928.10.1 Talc 74928.10.2 Lubricants' Effect on the Lactobacillus Species 75028.11 Packaging of Feminine Hygiene Products 750Glossary of Terms 751Abbreviations 752References 75229 Sunless Tanning Products 757Learning Objectives 757Key Concepts 75829.1 Introduction 75829.2 Types and Definition of Sunless Tanning Products 75929.3 History of Using Sunless Tanning Products 75929.4 How Sunless Tanners May Affect the Human Body 76029.5 Required Characteristics and Consumer Needs 76229.6 Types and Typical Ingredients of Sunless Tanning Products 76229.6.1 Tanning Ingredients 76229.6.2 Main Product Forms 76429.7 Formulation Considerations 76529.8 Typical Quality Problems of Sunless Tanners 76729.8.1 Discoloration and Malodor Formation 76729.9 Evaluation of Sunless Tanners 76729.9.1 Quality Parameters Generally Tested 76729.9.2 Performance Evaluation 76729.10 Ingredients Causing Safety Concerns 76829.10.1 DHA 76829.11 Packaging of Sunless Tanning Products 769Glossary of Terms 769Abbreviations 770References 770Index 773