"A startling new interpretation of the period ... a stunning book."¡ªDavid Denby, New Yorker
"A superb and harrowing history."¡ªFinancial Times
"Genuinely shattering.... I have never seen a book like it."¡ªIstvan Deak, New Republic
"A brave and original history of mass killing in the twentieth century."¡ªAnne Applebaum, New York Review of Books
"A magisterial work.... Snyder's account in engaging, encyclopedic."¡ªForeign Affairs
"Gripping and comprehensive.... Mr. Snyder's book is revisionist history of the best kind: in spare, closely argued prose, with meticulous use of statistics, he makes the reader rethink some of the best-known episodes in Europe's modern history."¡ªEconomist
"Snyder...compels us to look squarely at the full range of destruction committed first by Stalin's regime and then by Hitler's Reich.... A comprehensive and eloquent account."¡ªNew York Times Book Revew
"A superb work of scholarship, full of revealing detail, cleverly compiled...and in places beautifully written.... Snyder does justice to the horror of his subject through the power of storytelling."¡ªThe Sunday Times (London)
¡°A gigantic achievement in modern history.¡±¡ªRachel Maddow, The Rachel Maddow Show
Chapter Page
Preface: Europe vii
Introduction: Hitler and Stalin 1
1. The Soviet Famines 21
2. Class Terror 59
3. National Terror 89
4. Molotov-Ribbentrop Europe 119
5. The Economics of Apocalypse 155
6. Final Solution 187
7. Holocaust and Revenge 225
8. The Nazi Death Factories 253
9. Resistance and Incineration 277
10. Ethnic Cleansings 313
11. Stalinist Antisemitism 339
Conclusion: Humanity 379
Afterword to the Second Paperback Edition 409
Numbers and Terms 427
Abstract 435
Acknowledgments 439
Bibliography 443
Notes 483
Index 527